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SMRs – overview, international developments, safety features and the GRS simulation chain

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期   页码 793-809 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0751-2

摘要： The Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH as the main technical support organization for the German Federal Government in nuclear safety has been dealing with small modular reactors (SMRs) for about one decade since SMRs are one interesting option for new builds in most countries worldwide which continue to use nuclear energy for commercial electricity production. Currently four different SMR designs are in operation, four in construction, one is licensed, and further 12 are in a licensing process. In this paper, definitions, history, and current developments of SMRs are presented. Subsequently, selected trends of SMR development such as factory fabrication and transport, compactness and modularity, core design, improved core cooling, exclusion of accidents, features for preventing and limiting the impact of severe accidents, economic viability, competitiveness and licensing are discussed. Modeling gaps of the GRS simulation chain programs with a view to applications in nuclear licensing procedures are identified and a strategy for closing these gaps is presented. Finally, selected work on the extension and improvement of the simulation chain and first generic test analyses are presented.

关键词： small modular reactors (SMRs)     history     recent developments     safety aspects     simulation chain of the Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS)    

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海洋核动力装备国内外发展现况与前景展望

郑洁,余凡,朱军民,柳存根,王欣月,朱英富

《中国工程科学》 2023年 第25卷 第3期   页码 62-73 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.03.007

摘要：

海洋核动力装备是解决深远海资源开发中持久动力能源供给、海洋领域“碳减排”等问题的重要支撑。我国作为核电 大国、海洋大国，虽然在核工业和海洋装备产业领域具有较好的优势基础，但在民用海洋核动力装备领域尚未实现“从零到 一”的突破。本文基于对国内外海洋核动力装备发展实践研究，总结了海洋核动力装备的优势特性和技术策源，分析了未来 海洋核动力装备发展的应用场景和主要趋势，厘清了我国发展海洋核动力装备的战略需求与问题，并提出了相关发展建议。 研究认为海洋核动力装备总体呈现由军用向民用拓展、由陆地向海洋拓展的发展趋势，技术策源以紧凑型和一体化压水堆为 主，装备类型近期将聚焦于海上浮动核电站和核动力破冰船。研究建议，通过顶层规划明确我国海洋核动力装备发展的重点 应用场景，通过建立示范工程形成与发展需求相匹配的法规标准和监管制度等措施，突破海洋堆系统建造和核动力平台总装 建造等方面的关键技术，推动海洋核动力装备高质量发展。

关键词： 海洋核动力装备；小型模块化反应堆；压水堆；核动力船舶；海上浮动核电站    

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微型模块化反应堆陆战场能源保障应用历程及启示

陈荣江

《中国工程科学》 2020年 第22卷 第1期   页码 146-152 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2020.01.019

摘要：

微型模块化反应堆（vSMR）因其陆战场能源保障的重大潜力而成为军事强国的关注热点，具有机动灵活、供能迅速、成本优势明显、安全性高等特征。美军在伊拉克、阿富汗等战场出现了燃油消耗大、补给难、成本高、风险突出等问题，因此开始重新审视vSMR 的军事能源保障用途。本文从美国陆军发展vSMR 的历史过程入手，对当前具有代表性的vSMR方案进行了介绍；系统分析了基于vSMR 技术的移动反应堆电源（MNPP）在地面军事行动中的应用场景、使用方式、主要优势及挑战。研究提出，我国应积极开展vSMR 军事应用的发展论证工作，立足国情军情，探索其在固定营区、机动战场、海外行动等不同领域的应用模式；以军事需求为牵引，加强军地协同攻关，加速推进vSMR 技术的应用步伐。

关键词： 反应堆     微型模块化     陆战场     能源保障     应用历程     美国陆军    

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小型核反应堆是核电领域的下一个大事件吗？

Mitch Leslie

《工程（英文）》 2020年 第6卷 第3期   页码 210-212 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.01.003

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Manufacturing and mechanical properties of composite orthotropic Kagome honeycomb using novel modular

Bin NIU, Shijie LI, Rui YANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2020年 第15卷 第3期   页码 484-495 doi: 10.1007/s11465-020-0593-3

摘要： This work deals with manufacturing and analysis of orthotropic composite Kagome honeycomb panels. A novel modular mold is proposed to manufacture carbon fiber reinforced composite Kagome honeycombs. The designed mold can be assembled freely to manufacture Kagome honeycombs with different configuration combinations and can realize easy demolding. Furthermore, two typical fiber placement methods are considered during the fabrication process, from which the more effective fiber placement method is determined. Finally, representative volume element method is used to perform homogenization analysis of the Kagome honeycomb panels and to obtain equivalent in-plane and bending stiffness. Finite element analysis using these equivalent properties is conducted and validated against the experimental results of the manufactured composite Kagome honeycomb panels under different loading cases.

关键词： composite     Kagome honeycomb     manufacturing     placement of fibers     equivalent stiffness    

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A modular cable-driven humanoid arm with anti-parallelogram mechanisms and Bowden cables

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第18卷 第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0722-2

摘要： This paper proposes a novel modular cable-driven humanoid arm with anti-parallelogram mechanisms (APMs) and Bowden cables. The lightweight arm realizes the advantage of joint independence and the rational layout of the driving units on the base. First, this paper analyzes the kinematic performance of the APM and uses the rolling motion between two ellipses to approximate a pure-circular-rolling motion. Then, a novel type of one-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) elbow joint is proposed based on this principle, which is also applied to design the 3-DOF wrist and shoulder joints. Next, Bowden cables are used to connect the joints and their driving units to obtain a modular cable-driven arm with excellent joint independence. After that, both the forward and inverse kinematics of the entire arm are analyzed. Last, a humanoid arm prototype was developed, and the assembly velocity, joint motion performance, joint stiffness, load carrying, typical humanoid arm movements, and repeatability were tested to verify the arm performance.

关键词： modular robotic arm     anti-parallelogram mechanism     Bowden cable     humanoid arm     lightweight joint design    

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Studies on advanced water-cooled reactors beyond generation III for power generation

CHENG Xu

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第2期   页码 141-149 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0018-6

摘要： China s ambitious nuclear power program motivates the country s nuclear community to develop advanced reactor concepts beyond generation III to ensure a long-term, stable, and sustainable development of nuclear power. The paper discusses some main criteria for the selection of future water-cooled reactors by considering the specific Chinese situation. Based on the suggested selection criteria, two new types of water-cooled reactors are recommended for future Chinese nuclear power generation. The high conversion pressurized water reactor utilizes the present PWR technology to a large extent. With a conversion ratio of about 0.95, the fuel utilization is increased about 5 times. This significantly improves the sustainability of fuel resources. The supercritical water-cooled reactor has favorable features in economics, sustainability and technology availability. It is a logical extension of the generation III PWR technology in China. The status of international R&D work is reviewed. A new supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) core structure (the mixed reactor core) and a new fuel assembly design (two-rows FA) are proposed. The preliminary analysis using a coupled neutron-physics/thermal-hydraulics method is carried out. It shows good feasibility for the new design proposal.

关键词： Chinese situation     selection     generation     water-cooled     feasibility    

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Scale up of reactors for carbon dioxide reduction

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第1期   页码 116-122 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2178-7

摘要： In recent times there has been a great deal of interest in the conversion of carbon dioxide into more useful chemical compounds. On the other hand, the translation of these developments in electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide from the laboratory bench to practical scale remains an underexplored topic. Here we examine some of the major challenges, demonstrating some promising strategies towards such scale-up, including increased electrode area and stacking of electrode pairs in different configurations. We observed that increasing the electrode area from 1 to 10 cm2 led to only a 4% drop in current density, with similarly small penalties realised when stacking sub-cells together.

关键词： CO2 reduction     electrochemical cell     electrosynthesis     upscaling    

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Risks of modular integrated construction: A review and future research directions

Ibrahim Yahaya WUNI, Geoffrey Qiping SHEN, Bon-Gang HWANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2020年 第7卷 第1期   页码 63-80 doi: 10.1007/s42524-019-0059-7

摘要： Stakeholders remain skeptical in adopting modular integrated construction (MiC) because of the associated risks and uncertainties, although its benefits have been extensively documented. The unique business model of MiC nurtures several risks and uncertainties different from those of the conventional construction approach. Despite the growing attention on MiC with its market expansion, no systematic evaluation is in place to monitor its risks research progress. Accordingly, this research reviewed published literature addressing the risks associated with MiC from 1992 to 2019. Analysis reveals that the research publications on risks of MiC witnessed a steady growth, with considerable progress occurring in the last decade. Result implies that the risk of MiC has gained extra attention in the construction engineering and management domain in recent times. Existing empirical studies have focused heavily on perceived implementation risks, supply chain risks, schedule risks, investment risks, structural risks, ergonomic risks, and MiC risk management strategies, which indicate that MiC is associated with a host of risk events. The research further identified the critical risk events (CREs) in the application of MiC based on frequency of occurrence. The identified CREs contributes to the checklists of risk events in the implementation of offsite construction (OSC). The latter may be useful in risk planning, especially where the MiC is less developed, and fewer or no bespoke risk assessment exists. Research gaps in existing studies are highlighted in this research, and areas for further studies are then proposed. Thus, it makes a useful contribution to the scholarly literature on the risk of OSC and may prove useful to offsite construction researchers, industry practitioners, and project managers.

关键词： modular integrated construction     off-site construction     risk events     review    

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Development and advances in modular multilevel converter based HVDC projects in China

《工程管理前沿（英文）》   页码 183-189 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0248-7

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关键词： high voltage direct current     power converter     power systems     renewable energy     ultra-high voltage    

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致力项目开发点燃发展引擎——多种核能与核技术新项目开发概要

毛晓明

《中国工程科学》 2012年 第14卷 第8期   页码 14-16

摘要：

作为中国核工程开发海外市场的旗舰，中原对外工程有限公司将项目开发作为发展引擎，在百万千瓦级核电项目开发、研究性核反应堆项目开发、多功能医院中子照射器开发研究及多用途模块式小型反应堆项目开发工作中不懈努力，为和平利用核能、核技术做出贡献。

关键词： 百万千瓦级核电项目     研究性核反应堆     医院中子照射器     模块式小型反应堆    

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Simulation of bubble column reactors using CFD coupled with a population balance model

Tiefeng WANG

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第2期   页码 162-172 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0267-5

摘要： Bubble columns are widely used in chemical and biochemical processes due to their excellent mass and heat transfer characteristics and simple construction. However, their fundamental hydrodynamic behaviors, which are essential for reactor scale-up and design, are still not fully understood. To develop design tools for engineering purposes, much research has been carried out in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation of gas-liquid flows. Due to the importance of the bubble behavior, the bubble size distribution must be considered in the CFD models. The population balance model (PBM) is an effective approach to predict the bubble size distribution, and great efforts have been made in recent years to couple the PBM into CFD simulations. This article gives a selective review of the modeling and simulation of bubble column reactors using CFD coupled with PBM. Bubble breakup and coalescence models due to different mechanisms are discussed. It is shown that the CFD-PBM coupled model with proper bubble breakup and coalescence models and interphase force formulations has the ability of predicting the complex hydrodynamics in different flow regimes and, thus, provides a unified description of both the homogeneous and heterogeneous regimes. Further study is needed to improve the models of bubble coalescence and breakup, turbulence modification in high gas holdup, and interphase forces of bubble swarms.

关键词： bubble column     computational fluid dynamics     bubble breakup and coalescence     population balance model     bubble size distribution    

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Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Di CUI,Ang LI,Tian QIU,Rui CAI,Changlong PANG,Jihua WANG,Jixian YANG,Fang MA,Nanqi REN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第6期   页码 937-944 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0668-7

摘要： Bioaugmentation is an effective method of treating municipal wastewater with high ammonia concentration in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) at low temperature (10°C). The cold-adapted ammonia- and nitrite- oxidizing bacteria were enriched and inoculated, respectively, in the bioaugmentation systems. In synthetic wastewater treatment systems, the average -N removal efficiency in the bioaugmented system (85%) was much higher than that in the unbioaugmented system. The effluent -N concentration of the bioaugmented system was stably below 8 mg·L after 20 d operation. In municipal wastewater systems with bioaugmentation, the effluent -N concentration was below 8 mg·L after 15 d operation. The average -N removal efficiency in unbioaugmentation system (about 82%) was lower compared with that in the bioaugmentation system. By inoculating the cold-adapted nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) into the SBRs after 10 d operation, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly, reducing the -N accumulation effectively at low temperature. The functional microorganisms were identified by PCR-DGGE, including uncultured sp., uncultured sp., sp. and uncultured sp. The results suggested that the cold-adapted microbial agent of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and NOB could accelerate the start-up and promote achieving the stable operation of the low-temperature SBRs for nitrification.

关键词： nitrification     sequencing batch reactors (SBRs)     bioaugmentation     low temperature    

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Fault tolerant control strategy for modular PWM current source inverter

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第2期   页码 228-238 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0852-6

摘要： In this paper, a fault-tolerant control method for an input-series output-parallel modular grid-tied pulse-width modulation (PWM) current source inverter is proposed to address the most commonly seen single symmetrical gate-commutated thyristor (SGCT) open-circuit fault problems. This method actively offsets the neutral point of the current space vector to ensure a sinusoidal output of the grid current, and it can achieve the upper limit power of the inverter under the condition of a single SGCT open-circuit fault. In addition, an active damping control method based on grid harmonic current feedback is proposed after analyzing the influence of the transformer ferromagnetic resonance caused by the neutral point offset on the power quality of the grid current. It has been demonstrated that the proposed method effectively suppresses the resonance caused by the transformer and the modified modulation, improving the grid current’s power quality.

关键词： current source converter (CSC)     fault-tolerant control     space vector modulation     active damping     resonance suppression     power quality    

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Treatment of swine wastewater in aerobic granular reactors: comparison of different seed granules as

Lin LIU,Qiyu YOU,Valerie GIBSON,Xu HUANG,Shaohua CHEN,Zhilong YE,Chaoxiang LIU

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第6期   页码 1139-1148 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0823-9

摘要： The granulation process, physic-chemical properties, pollution removal ability and bacterial communities of aerobic granules with different feed-wastewater (synthetic wastewater, R1; swine wastewater, R2), and the change trend of some parameters of two types of granules in long-term operated reactors treating swine wastewater were investigated in this experiment. The result indicated that aerobic granulation with the synthetic wastewater had a faster rate compared with swine wastewater and that full granulation in R1 and R2 was reached on the 30th day and 39th day, respectively. However, although the feed wastewater also had an obvious effect on the biomass fraction and extracellular polymeric substances of the aerobic granules during the granulation process, these properties remained at a similar level after long-term operation. Moreover, a similar increasing trend could also be observed in terms of the nitrogen removal efficiencies of the aerobic granules in both reactors, and the average specific removal rates of the organics and ammonia nitrogen at the steady-state stage were 35.33 mg·g VSS and 51.46 mg·g VSS for R1, and 35.47 mg·g VSS and 51.72 mg·g VSS for R2, respectively. In addition, a shift in the bacterial diversity occurred in the granulation process, whereas bacterial communities in the aerobic granular reactor were not affected by the seed granules after long-term operation.

关键词： aerobic granules     livestock wastewater     sequencing batch reactor     biological wastewater treatment     bacterial community    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

SMRs – overview, international developments, safety features and the GRS simulation chain

期刊论文

海洋核动力装备国内外发展现况与前景展望

郑洁,余凡,朱军民,柳存根,王欣月,朱英富

期刊论文

微型模块化反应堆陆战场能源保障应用历程及启示

陈荣江

期刊论文

小型核反应堆是核电领域的下一个大事件吗？

Mitch Leslie

期刊论文

Manufacturing and mechanical properties of composite orthotropic Kagome honeycomb using novel modular

Bin NIU, Shijie LI, Rui YANG

期刊论文

A modular cable-driven humanoid arm with anti-parallelogram mechanisms and Bowden cables

期刊论文

Studies on advanced water-cooled reactors beyond generation III for power generation

CHENG Xu

期刊论文

Scale up of reactors for carbon dioxide reduction

期刊论文

Risks of modular integrated construction: A review and future research directions

Ibrahim Yahaya WUNI, Geoffrey Qiping SHEN, Bon-Gang HWANG

期刊论文

Development and advances in modular multilevel converter based HVDC projects in China

期刊论文

致力项目开发点燃发展引擎——多种核能与核技术新项目开发概要

毛晓明

期刊论文

Simulation of bubble column reactors using CFD coupled with a population balance model

Tiefeng WANG

期刊论文

Improvement of nitrification efficiency by bioaugmentation in sequencing batch reactors at low temperature

Di CUI,Ang LI,Tian QIU,Rui CAI,Changlong PANG,Jihua WANG,Jixian YANG,Fang MA,Nanqi REN

期刊论文

Fault tolerant control strategy for modular PWM current source inverter

期刊论文

Treatment of swine wastewater in aerobic granular reactors: comparison of different seed granules as

Lin LIU,Qiyu YOU,Valerie GIBSON,Xu HUANG,Shaohua CHEN,Zhilong YE,Chaoxiang LIU

期刊论文